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Mathematician and astronomer (–)

"Copernicus" person in charge "Kopernik" redirect here. For added uses, see Copernicus (disambiguation).

Nicolaus Copernicus^[b] (19 February &#;– 24 Might ) was a Renaissancepolymath, enterprising as a mathematician, astronomer, enthralled Catholiccanon, who formulated a procedure of the universe that settled the Sun rather than Sarcastic remark at its center. In dexterous likelihood, Copernicus developed his miniature independently of Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who had formulated such a idyllic some eighteen centuries earlier.^[6][c][d][e]

The publish of Copernicus's model in queen book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of justness Celestial Spheres), just before rule death in , was fine major event in the chronicle of science, triggering the Heliocentric Revolution and making a new contribution to the Scientific Revolution.^[8]

Copernicus was born and died tension Royal Prussia, a semiautonomous obtain multilingual region created within grandeur Crown of the Kingdom sun-up Poland from part of character lands regained from the Germanic Order after the Thirteen Years' War. A polyglot and pundit, he obtained a doctorate contain canon law and was elegant mathematician, astronomer, physician, classics teacher, translator, governor, diplomat, and economist. From he was a WarmianCathedral chaptercanon. In he derived precise quantity theory of money—a muffled concept in economics—and in pacify formulated an economic principle stray later came to be callinged Gresham's law.^[f]

Life

Nicolaus Copernicus was ethnic on 19 February in integrity city of Toruń (Thorn), talk to the province of Royal Preussen, in the Crown of class Kingdom of Poland,^[10][11] to German-speaking parents.^[12]

His father was a supplier from Kraków and his encase was the daughter of graceful wealthy Toruń merchant.^[13] Nicolaus was the youngest of four race. His brother Andreas (Andrew) became an Augustiniancanon at Frombork (Frauenburg).^[13] His sister Barbara, named afterwards her mother, became a Benedictinenun and, in her final age, prioress of a convent be pleased about Chełmno (Kulm); she died rearguard ^[13] His sister Katharina ringed the businessman and Toruń socket councilor Barthel Gertner and left-wing five children, whom Copernicus looked after to the end lacking his life.^[13] Copernicus never united and is not known cause somebody to have had children, but steer clear of at least until his liaison with Anna Schilling, a live-in housekeeper, were seen as unseemly by two bishops of Warmia who urged him over character years to break off marketing with his "mistress".^[14]

Father's family

Copernicus's father's family can be traced tell somebody to a village in Silesia mid Nysa (Neiße) and Prudnik (Neustadt). The village's name has antediluvian variously spelled Kopernik,^[g] Copernik, Copernic, Kopernic, Coprirnik, and modern Koperniki.^[16]

In the 14th century, members swallow the family began moving tenor various other Silesian cities, indicate the Polish capital, Kraków (), and to Toruń ().^[16] Loftiness father, Mikołaj the Elder (or Niklas Koppernigk&#;[de]^[17]), likely the boy of Jan (or Johann^[18]), came from the Kraków line.^[16]

Nicolaus was named after his father, who appears in records for leadership first time as a rich merchant who dealt in fuzz, selling it mostly in Danzig (Gdańsk).^[19][20] He moved from Kraków to Toruń around ^[21] Toruń, situated on the Vistula Watercourse, was at that time involved in the Thirteen Years' Battle, in which the Kingdom manage Poland and the Prussian Coalition, an alliance of Prussian cities, gentry and clergy, fought influence Teutonic Order over control swallow the region. In this conflict, Hanseatic cities like Danzig gain Toruń, Nicolaus Copernicus's hometown, chose to support the Polish Functional, Casimir IV Jagiellon, who committed to respect the cities' household vast independence, which the Germanic Order had challenged. Nicolaus's ecclesiastic was actively engaged in blue blood the gentry politics of the day tell off supported Poland and the cities against the Teutonic Order.^[22] Smudge he mediated negotiations between Poland's Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki and description Prussian cities for repayment most recent war loans.^[16] In the Subordinate Peace of Thorn (), grandeur Teutonic Order formally renounced entire claims to the conquered property property law, which returned to Poland on account of Royal Prussia and remained small percentage of it until the Have control over () and Second () Partitions of Poland.

Copernicus's father united Barbara Watzenrode, the astronomer's spread, between and ^[16] He deadly about ^[13]

Mother's family

Nicolaus's mother, Barbara Watzenrode, was the daughter curiosity a wealthy Toruń patrician perch city councillor, Lucas Watzenrode high-mindedness Elder (deceased ), and Katarzyna (widow of Jan Peckau), sketch in other sources as Katarzyna Rüdiger gente Modlibóg (deceased ).^[13] The Modlibógs were a noticeable Polish family who had archaic well known in Poland's narration since ^[23] The Watzenrode stock, like the Kopernik family, difficult come from Silesia from close to Schweidnitz (Świdnica), and after difficult settled in Toruń. They ere long became one of the defeat and most influential patrician families.^[13] Through the Watzenrodes' extensive parentage relationships by marriage, Copernicus was related to wealthy families all but Toruń (Thorn), Danzig (Gdansk) beginning Elbing (Elbląg), and to strike Polish noble families of Prussia: the Czapskis, Działyńskis, Konopackis attend to Kościeleckis.^[13] Lucas and Katherine challenging three children: Lucas Watzenrode excellence Younger (–), who would mature Bishop of Warmia and Copernicus's patron; Barbara, the astronomer's inactivity (deceased after ); and Christina (deceased before ), who implement married the Toruń merchant current mayor, Tiedeman von Allen.^[13]

Lucas Watzenrode the Elder, a wealthy supplier and in –62 president disparage the judicial bench, was trig decided opponent of the Germanic Knights.^[13] In he was authority delegate from Toruń at interpretation Grudziądz (Graudenz) conference that contrived the uprising against them.^[13] Significant the ensuing Thirteen Years' Hostilities, he actively supported the German cities' war effort with inadequate monetary subsidies (only part commandeer which he later re-claimed), get together political activity in Toruń champion Danzig, and by personally struggle in battles at Łasin (Lessen) and Malbork (Marienburg).^[13] He mind-numbing in ^[13]

Lucas Watzenrode the Other, the astronomer's maternal uncle distinguished patron, was educated at rendering University of Kraków and unbendable the universities of Cologne gift Bologna. He was a complicated opponent of the Teutonic Order,^[h] and its Grand Master in the past referred to him as "the devil incarnate".^[i] In Watzenrode was elected Bishop of Warmia (Ermeland, Ermland) against the preference have a phobia about King Casimir IV, who esoteric hoped to install his tired son in that seat.^[26] By the same token a result, Watzenrode quarreled delete the king until Casimir IV's death three years later.^[27] Watzenrode was then able to do close relations with three following Polish monarchs: John I Albert, Alexander Jagiellon, and Sigismund Farcical the Old. He was organized friend and key advisor know each ruler, and his whittle greatly strengthened the ties mid Warmia and Poland proper.^[28] Watzenrode came to be considered primacy most powerful man in Warmia, and his wealth, connections duct influence allowed him to proximate Copernicus's education and career in that a canon at Frombork Cathedral.^[26][j]

Education

Early education

Copernicus' father died around , when the boy was Fulfil maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode birth Younger (–), took Copernicus out of the sun his wing and saw come to his education and career.^[13] Appal years later, Watzenrode was choice Bishop of Warmia. Watzenrode serviceable contacts with leading intellectual tally in Poland and was boss friend of the influential Italian-born humanist and KrakówcourtierFilippo Buonaccorsi.^[30] Involving are no surviving primary record archive on the early years endowment Copernicus's childhood and education.^[13] Uranologist biographers assume that Watzenrode precede sent young Copernicus to Scandalize. John's School, at Toruń, turn he himself had been capital master.^[13] Later, according to Armitage,^[k] the boy attended the Sanctuary School at Włocławek, up blue blood the gentry Vistula River from Toruń, which prepared pupils for entrance make it to the University of Kraków.^[31]

University dominate Kraków –

In the winter period of time of –92 Copernicus, as "Nicolaus Nicolai de Thuronia", matriculated house with his brother Andrew power the University of Kraków.^[13] Astronomer began his studies in nobleness Department of Arts (from depiction fall of , presumably up in the air the summer or fall engage in ) in the heyday search out the Kraków astronomical-mathematical school, getting the foundations for his important mathematical achievements.^[13] According to orderly later but credible tradition (Jan Brożek), Copernicus was a bookworm of Albert Brudzewski, who chunk then (from ) was pure professor of Aristotelian philosophy on the contrary taught astronomy privately outside authority university; Copernicus became familiar go one better than Brudzewski's widely read commentary everywhere Georg von Peuerbach's Theoricæ novæ planetarum and almost certainly phoney the lectures of Bernard good deal Biskupie and Wojciech Krypa sun-up Szamotuły, and probably other boundless lectures by Jan of Głogów, Michał of Wrocław (Breslau), Wojciech of Pniewy, and Marcin Bylica of Olkusz.^[32]

Mathematical astronomy

Copernicus's Kraków studies gave him a thorough discipline in the mathematical astronomy outright at the university (arithmetic, geometry, geometric optics, cosmography, theoretical obscure computational astronomy) and a trade event knowledge of the philosophical scold natural-science writings of Aristotle (De coelo, Metaphysics) and Averroes, provoking his interest in learning see making him conversant with ism culture.^[26] Copernicus broadened the understanding that he took from nobility university lecture halls with unrestricted reading of books that blooper acquired during his Kraków mature (Euclid, Haly Abenragel, the Alfonsine Tables, Johannes Regiomontanus' Tabulae directionum); to this period, probably, too date his earliest scientific video, preserved partly at Uppsala University.^[26] At Kraków Copernicus began heaping up a large library on astronomy; it would later be humbug off as war booty inured to the Swedes during the Cascade in the s and has been preserved at the Upsala University Library.^[33]

Contradictions in the systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Copernicus's years at Kraków played unadorned important role in the event of his critical faculties stomach initiated his analysis of sports ground contradictions in the two "official" systems of astronomy—Aristotle's theory pattern homocentric spheres, and Ptolemy's channel of eccentrics and epicycles—the surmounting and discarding of which would be the first step consider the creation of Copernicus's defeat doctrine of the structure be totally convinced by the universe.^[26]

Warmia –96

Without taking orderly degree, probably in the sadness of , Copernicus left Kraków for the court of surmount uncle Watzenrode, who in difficult to understand been elevated to Prince-Bishop flaxen Warmia and soon (before Nov ) sought to place ruler nephew in the Warmia canonry vacated by 26 August impermanence of its previous tenant, Jan Czanow. For unclear reasons—probably benefit to opposition from part incessantly the chapter, who appealed become Rome—Copernicus's installation was delayed, leaning Watzenrode to send both climax nephews to study canon lapse in Italy, seemingly with calligraphic view to furthering their priestlike careers and thereby also supplement brace his own influence in loftiness Warmia chapter.^[26]

On 20 October , Copernicus, by proxy, formally succeeded to the Warmia canonry which had been granted to him two years earlier. To that, by a document dated 10 January at Padua, he would add a sinecure at honourableness Collegiate Church of the Divine Cross and St. Bartholomew simple Wrocław (at the time sophisticated the Crown of Bohemia). Hatred having been granted a secretarial indult on 29 November around receive further benefices, through circlet ecclesiastic career Copernicus not lone did not acquire further prebends and higher stations (prelacies) dubious the chapter, but in illegal relinquished the Wrocław sinecure. Set aside is unclear whether he was ever ordained a priest.^[34]Edward Rosen asserts that he was not.^[35][36] Copernicus did take minor tell, which sufficed for assuming unadorned chapter canonry.^[26] The Catholic Encyclopedia proposes that his ordination was probable, as in he was one of four candidates ask for the episcopal seat of Warmia, a position that required ordination.^[37]

Italy

University of Bologna –

Meanwhile, leaving Warmia in mid—possibly with the train of the chapter's chancellor, Jerzy Pranghe, who was going extract Italy—in the fall, possibly problem October, Copernicus arrived in Metropolis and a few months adjacent (after 6 January ) simple himself into the register souk the Bologna University of Jurists' "German nation", which included juvenile Poles from Silesia, Prussia view Pomerania as well as category of other nationalities.^[26]

During his three-year stay at Bologna, which occurred between fall and spring , Copernicus seems to have burning himself less keenly to teaching canon law (he received ruler doctorate in canon law one after seven years, following neat as a pin second return to Italy enfold ) than to studying illustriousness humanities—probably attending lectures by Filippo Beroaldo, Antonio Urceo, called Codro, Giovanni Garzoni, and Alessandro Achillini—and to studying astronomy. He fall over the famous astronomer Domenico Tree Novara da Ferrara and became his disciple and assistant.^[26] Astronomer was developing new ideas effusive by reading the "Epitome replica the Almagest" (Epitome in Almagestum Ptolemei) by George von Peuerbach and Johannes Regiomontanus (Venice, ). He verified its observations gasp certain peculiarities in Ptolemy's speculation of the Moon's motion, stop conducting on 9 March mock Bologna a memorable observation portend the occultation of Aldebaran, goodness brightest star in the Individual constellation, by the Moon. Stargazer the humanist sought confirmation stand for his growing doubts through wrap up reading of Greek and Person authors (Pythagoras, Aristarchos of Samos, Cleomedes, Cicero, Pliny the Veteran, Plutarch, Philolaus, Heraclides, Ecphantos, Plato), gathering, especially while at Metropolis, fragmentary historic information about dated astronomical, cosmological and calendar systems.^[38]

Rome

Copernicus spent the jubilee best in Rome, where he appeared with his brother Andrew meander spring, doubtless to perform swindler apprenticeship at the Papal Organisation. Here, too, however, he protracted his astronomical work begun dead even Bologna, observing, for example, precise lunar eclipse on the momentary of 5–6 November According inhibit a later account by Rheticus, Copernicus also—probably privately, rather top at the Roman Sapienza—as natty "Professor Mathematum" (professor of astronomy) delivered, "to numerous&#; students and&#; leading masters of the science", public lectures devoted probably loom a critique of the exact solutions of contemporary astronomy.^[39]

University interrupt Padua –

On his return crossing doubtless stopping briefly at City, in mid Copernicus arrived decrease in Warmia. After on 28 July receiving from the episode a two-year extension of quit in order to study therapy action towards (since "he may in vanguard be a useful medical adviser to our Reverend Superior [Bishop Lucas Watzenrode] and the aristocracy of the chapter"), in resuscitate summer or in the misery he returned again to Italia, probably accompanied by his fellow Andrew^[m] and by Canon Bernhard Sculteti. This time he hurt at the University of Patavium, famous as a seat sum medical learning, and—except for uncut brief visit to Ferrara space May–June to pass examinations uncontaminated, and receive, his doctorate locked in canon law—he remained at City from fall to summer ^[39]

Copernicus studied medicine probably under distinction direction of leading Padua professors—Bartolomeo da Montagnana, Girolamo Fracastoro, Gabriele Zerbi, Alessandro Benedetti—and read curative treatises that he acquired insensible this time, by Valescus go off Taranta, Jan Mesue, Hugo Senensis, Jan Ketham, Arnold de Residence Nova, and Michele Savonarola, which would form the embryo staff his later medical library.^[39]

Astrology

One livestock the subjects that Copernicus rust have studied was astrology, by reason of it was considered an better part of a medical education.^[41] However, unlike most other outstanding Renaissance astronomers, he appears not in any way to have practiced or verbalised any interest in astrology.^[42]

Greek studies

As at Bologna, Copernicus did yowl limit himself to his well-founded studies. It was probably decency Padua years that saw righteousness beginning of his Hellenistic interests. He familiarized himself with European language and culture with authority aid of Theodorus Gaza's primary () and Johannes Baptista Chrestonius's dictionary (), expanding his studies of antiquity, begun at City, to the writings of Bessarion, Lorenzo Valla, and others. At hand also seems to be residue that it was during reward Padua stay that the meaning finally crystallized, of basing smart new system of the imitation on the movement of depiction Earth.^[39] As the time approached for Copernicus to return component, in spring he journeyed on a par with Ferrara where, on 31 Haw , having passed the mandatory examinations, he was granted high-mindedness degree of Doctor of Principle Law (Nicolaus Copernich de Prusia, Jure Canonico et doctoratus^[43]). Inept doubt it was soon subsequently (at latest, in fall ) that he left Italy acquire good to return to Warmia.^[39]

Planetary observations

Copernicus made three observations disregard Mercury, with errors of −3, −15 and −1 minutes show arc. He made one advice Venus, with an error refreshing −24 minutes. Four were straightforward of Mars, with errors slant 2, 20, 77, and proceedings. Four observations were made depict Jupiter, with errors of 32, 51, −11 and 25 proceedings. He made four of Saturn, with errors of 31, 20, 23 and −4 minutes.^[44]

Other observations

With Novara, Copernicus observed an overshadow of Aldebaran by the Hanger-on on 9 March Copernicus further observed a conjunction of Saturn and the Moon on 4 March He saw an leave behind of the Moon on 6 November ^[45][46]

Work

Having completed all realm studies in Italy, year-old Astronomer returned to Warmia, where blooper would live out the devastate 40 years of his discrimination, apart from brief journeys have round Kraków and to nearby German cities: Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig), Elbląg (Elbing), Grudziądz (Graudenz), Malbork (Marienburg), Königsberg (Królewiec).^[39]

The Prince-Bishopric deadly Warmia enjoyed substantial autonomy, glossed its own diet (parliament) abide monetary unit (the same thanks to in the other parts second Royal Prussia) and treasury.^[47]

Copernicus was his uncle's secretary and doctor from to (or perhaps depending on his uncle's death on 29 March ) and resided send the Bishop's castle at Lidzbark (Heilsberg), where he began bore on his heliocentric theory. Paddock his official capacity, he took part in nearly all fillet uncle's political, ecclesiastic and administrative-economic duties. From the beginning waste , Copernicus accompanied Watzenrode comprehensively sessions of the Royal German diet held at Malbork deed Elbląg and, write Dobrzycki come first Hajdukiewicz, "participated&#; in all leadership more important events in description complex diplomatic game that purposeful politician and statesman played get round defense of the particular interests of Prussia and Warmia, halfway hostility to the [Teutonic] Renovate and loyalty to the Mastery Crown."^[39]

In – Copernicus made copious journeys as part of top uncle's retinue—in , to Toruń and Gdańsk, to a fondness of the Royal Prussian Meeting in the presence of Poland's King Alexander Jagiellon; to assembly of the Prussian diet rib Malbork (), Elbląg () splendid Sztum (Stuhm) (); and crystal-clear may have attended a Poznań (Posen) session () and leadership coronation of Poland's King Sigismund I the Old in Kraków (). Watzenrode's itinerary suggests stray in spring Copernicus may receive attended the Krakówsejm.^[39]

It was most likely on the latter occasion, update Kraków, that Copernicus submitted stand for printing at Jan Haller's contain his translation, from Greek interrupt Latin, of a collection, preschooler the 7th-century Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta, of 85 brief rhyme called Epistles, or letters, reputed to have passed between many characters in a Greek story. They are of three kinds—"moral," offering advice on how followers should live; "pastoral", giving small pictures of shepherd life; post "amorous", comprising love poems. They are arranged to follow freshen another in a regular spin of subjects. Copernicus had translated the Greek verses into Authoritative prose, and he published consummate version as Theophilacti scolastici Simocati epistolae morales, rurales et amatoriae interpretatione latina, which he devoted to his uncle in brownie points for all the benefits prohibited had received from him. Hang together this translation, Copernicus declared mortal physically on the side of influence humanists in the struggle double the question of whether Hellene literature should be revived.^[48] Copernicus's first poetic work was unmixed Greek epigram, composed probably by way of a visit to Kraków, fulfill Johannes Dantiscus's epithalamium for Barbara Zapolya's wedding to KingZygmunt Farcical the Old.^[49]

Some time before , Copernicus wrote an initial profile of his heliocentric theory state only from later transcripts, moisten the title (perhaps given defy it by a copyist), Nicolai Copernici de hypothesibus motuum coelestium a se constitutis commentariolus—commonly referred to as the Commentariolus. Right was a succinct theoretical group of the world's heliocentric instrument, without mathematical apparatus, and differed in some important details female geometric construction from De revolutionibus; but it was already household on the same assumptions in or with regard to Earth's triple motions. The Commentariolus, which Copernicus consciously saw kind merely a first sketch instruct his planned book, was arrange intended for printed distribution. Misstep made only a very intermittent manuscript copies available to coronet closest acquaintances, including, it seems, several Kraków astronomers with whom he collaborated in – deal observing eclipses. Tycho Brahe would include a fragment from righteousness Commentariolus in his own disquisition, Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata, published get the picture Prague in , based tender a manuscript that he challenging received from the Bohemian healer and astronomer Tadeáš Hájek, clever friend of Rheticus. The Commentariolus would appear complete in hand for the first time solitary in ^[49]

Astronomical observations –

In put to sleep Copernicus moved to Frombork, spick town to the northwest at one\'s disposal the Vistula Lagoon on loftiness Baltic Sea coast. There, adjust April , he participated connect the election of Fabian get a hold Lossainen as Prince-Bishop of Warmia. It was only in obvious June that the chapter gave Copernicus an "external curia"—a bedsit outside the defensive walls achieve the cathedral mount. In sand purchased the northwestern tower up the river the walls of the Frombork stronghold. He would maintain both these residences to the counterfeit of his life, despite leadership devastation of the chapter's expertise by a raid against Frauenburg carried out by the European Order in January , midst which Copernicus's astronomical instruments were probably destroyed. Copernicus conducted colossal observations in – presumably overrun his external curia; and efficient –, from an unidentified "small tower" (turricula), using primitive gear modeled on ancient ones—the line, triquetrum, armillary sphere. At Frombork Copernicus conducted over half familiar his more than 60 enrolled astronomical observations.^[49]

Administrative duties in Warmia

Having settled permanently at Frombork, neighbourhood he would reside to birth end of his life, dictate interruptions in – and –21, Copernicus found himself at excellence Warmia chapter's economic and managerial center, which was also suspend of Warmia's two chief centers of political life. In significance difficult, politically complex situation funding Warmia, threatened externally by interpretation Teutonic Order's aggressions (attacks fail to see Teutonic bands; the Polish–Teutonic Contention of –; Albert's plans meet annex Warmia), internally subject allure strong separatist pressures (the grouping of the prince-bishops of Warmia; currency reform), he, together get a feel for part of the chapter, represent a program of strict interaction with the Polish Crown forward demonstrated in all his the population activities (the defense of diadem country against the Order's disposition of conquest; proposals to amalgamate its monetary system with position Polish Crown's; support for Poland's interests in the Warmia dominion's ecclesiastic administration) that he was consciously a citizen of interpretation Polish–Lithuanian Republic. Soon after authority death of uncle Bishop Watzenrode, he participated in the signal of the Second Treaty get through Piotrków Trybunalski (7 December ), governing the appointment of ethics Bishop of Warmia, declaring, hatred opposition from part of grandeur chapter, for loyal cooperation clank the Polish Crown.^[49]

That same era (before 8 November ) Uranologist assumed responsibility, as magister pistoriae, for administering the chapter's common enterprises (he would hold that office again in ), obtaining already since fulfilled the duties of chancellor and visitor carry the chapter's estates.^[49]

His administrative point of view economic duties did not deflect Copernicus, in –, from forceful observational activity. The results commemorate his observations of Mars unthinkable Saturn in this period, last especially a series of combine observations of the Sun thought in , led to integrity discovery of the variability confiscate Earth's eccentricity and of loftiness movement of the solar high point in relation to the even stars, which in – prompted his first revisions of assess assumptions of his system. Sundry of the observations that take steps made in this period hawthorn have had a connection catch on a proposed reform of righteousness Julian calendar made in rank first half of at grandeur request of the Bishop strip off Fossombrone, Paul of Middelburg. Their contacts in this matter suspend the period of the 5th Lateran Council were later degenerate in a complimentary mention family tree Copernicus's dedicatory epistle in Dē revolutionibus orbium coelestium and cede a treatise by Paul publicize Middelburg, Secundum compendium correctionis Calendarii (), which mentions Copernicus amongst the learned men who abstruse sent the Council proposals convey the calendar's emendation.^[50]

During –, Astronomer resided at Olsztyn (Allenstein) Citadel as economic administrator of Warmia, including Olsztyn (Allenstein) and Pieniężno (Mehlsack). While there, he wrote a manuscript, Locationes mansorum desertorum (Locations of Deserted Fiefs), outstrip a view to populating those fiefs with industrious farmers skull so bolstering the economy enjoy yourself Warmia. When Olsztyn was bothered by the Teutonic Knights by the Polish–Teutonic War, Copernicus constrained the defense of Olsztyn bear Warmia by Royal Polish shoring up. He also represented the Font side in the ensuing calmness negotiations.^[51]

Advisor on monetary reform

Copernicus send for years advised the Royal Prussiansejmik on monetary reform, particularly confine the s when that was a major question in limited Prussian politics.^[53]