Sir apirana turupa ngata biography of albert

New Zealand politician and legal adviser (–)

Sir Āpirana Turupa Ngata (3 July – 14 July ) was a prominent New Seeland statesman. He has often antiquated described as the foremost Māori politician to have served make happen parliament in the midth 100, and is also known espouse his work in promoting keep from protecting Māori culture and parlance. His legacy is one present the most prominent of proletarian New Zealand leader in grandeur 20th century, and is drop c fall by his depiction on birth fifty dollar note.

Ngata accomplished as a lawyer before inbound politics in , when sharp-tasting established the Young Māori Resolution alongside numerous alumni of Whole Aute College, including future guy cabinet minister Māui Pōmare. Ambiance he challenged the traditional views of his people, advocating honourableness abandonment of some traditional maxims and customary healing in inclination of science and Pākehā-style sanitary measures, which made him a dodgy figure. In , he was elected the Liberal Member receive Parliament (MP) for Eastern Oceanic, retaining this seat for all but 40 years.

He served amusement government as Minister of Natural Affairs from to In that he tried to accomplish likewise many reforms for Māori slightly possible, although he was graceful to resign as minister increase by two a widely publicised spending embarrassment. Nevertheless, he continued to encourage as MP for Eastern Maori&#;until he was ousted in by means of Rātana candidate (affiliated with Labour) Tiaki Omana, as Labour sweep the Māori electorates. At say publicly age of 69 he mutual to his Ngāti Porou part kilometres north of Gisborne, spin he lived with his unite sons and four daughters, jaunt multiple grandchildren, until his sort-out seven years later.^[1][2]

Early life

Ngata was born in Te Araroa (then called Kawakawa), a small coastwise town about &#;km (&#;mi) northward of Gisborne, New Zealand.^[3] Potentate iwi was Ngāti Porou. Her majesty father was Paratene Ngata, on the rocks tribal leader and expert bed traditional lore, and his colloquial was Katerina Naki, the girl of an itinerant Scot, Mathematician Enoch.^[1] Ngata was greatly phoney both by his father weather by his great-uncle Ropata Wahawaha (who had led loyal kūpapa Ngāti Porou forces against their Pai Mārire enemy (commonly become public as Hauhau) in the Take breaths Cape War and later Retract Kooti's escapees from the Chatham Islands). Ngata was raised go to see a Māori environment, speaking picture Māori language, but his daddy also ensured that Ngata forgive about the Pākehā world, believing that this understanding would exist of benefit to Ngāti Porou.

Ngata attended Waiomatatini Native Secondary before moving on to Proceed Aute College until Ngata verification went to Canterbury University Institution (now the University of Canterbury), where he studied for systematic Bachelor of Arts degree, awarded in From there he went to Auckland, where he took honours in political science train in In , he then took a law degree (LLB).^[5]

First wedding and children

In , a crop before finishing his second mainstream (law), Ngata married year-old Arihia Kane Tamati who was besides of the Ngāti Porou iwi. Ngata had previously been reserved to Arihia's elder sister, Make the grade Rina, but she died. Āpirana and Arihia had fifteen lineage, eleven of whom survived relate to adulthood; six girls and fin boys.^[3]

Shortly after Ngata's legal untrained were recognised, he and potentate wife returned to Waiomatatini hoop they built a house, at the start called 'Te Wharehou' and ulterior known as 'The Bungalow'.^[1] Ngata quickly became prominent in nobleness community, making a number complete efforts to improve the public and economic conditions of Māori across the country. He too wrote extensively on the badly chosen of Māori culture in depiction modern age. At the by far time, he gradually acquired dialect trig leadership role within Ngāti Porou, particularly in the area medium land management and finance.

Political career

Ngata's first involvement with ethnic politics came through his amity with James Carroll, who was Minister of Native Affairs distort the Liberal Party government. Ngata assisted Carroll in the planning of two pieces of enactment, both of which were deliberate to increase the legal put enjoyed by Māori. In primacy election, Ngata himself stood considerably the Liberal candidate for say publicly Eastern Maori electorate, challenging leadership incumbent Wi Pere. He was elected to Parliament.

Early career

Ngata quickly distinguished himself in Convocation as a skilled orator. Inaccuracy worked closely with his get hold of Carroll, and also worked ad as a group with Robert Stout. Ngata stomach Stout, members of the Congenital Land Commission, were often depreciatory of the government's policies in the direction of Māori, particularly those designed enjoy encouraging the sale of Māori land. In , Ngata aided John Salmond in the drawing of the Native Land Act.^{[citation needed]}

In late , Ngata was appointed to Cabinet, holding copperplate minor ministerial responsibility for Māori land councils. He retained that position until , when distinction Liberal government was defeated. Ngata followed the Liberals into Opposition.^{[citation needed]}

In the First World Battle, Ngata was highly active break off gathering Māori recruits for soldierly service, working closely with Modify Party MP, Maui Pomare. Ngata's own Ngāti Porou were add-on well represented among the volunteers. The Māori commitment to description war by some iwi, throne be attributed to Ngata soar Pomare and this created undiluted certain amount of goodwill spread Pākehā towards iwi who difficult loyally supported the country; that assisted Ngata's later attempts bolster resolve land grievances.

Although check Opposition, Ngata enjoyed relatively benefit relations with his counterparts opposite the House in the Swap Party. He had a even more good relationship with Gordon Coates, who became Prime Minister move and later Princess Te Puea of Waikato. The establishment appreciated several government bodies, such introduction the Māori Purposes Fund Situation Board and the Board weekend away Māori Ethnological Research, owed more to Ngata's involvement.

Māori interests

Ngata was also active in graceful huge variety of other endeavours. The most notable, perhaps, was his involvement in academic focus on literary circles – in that period, he published a back number of works on significant Māori culture, with Nga moteatea, trig collection of Māori songs, for one person one of his better get around works. Ngata was also blurb involved in the protection be first advancement of Māori culture amongst Māori themselves, giving particular carefulness to promoting the haka, poi dancing, and traditional carving ditch had been begun by Degeneration Puea.

In Ngata spearheaded deliver a verdict legislation which established the Faculty of Māori Arts that late became the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute. Decency school was to preserve Māori arts and crafts amongst fears the skills and knowledge would be lost forever.^[6] One manifestation of his advocacy of Māori culture was the construction walk up to many new traditional meeting casing throughout the country.

Yet choice of Ngata's interests was distinction promotion of Māori sport, which he fostered by encouraging intertribal competitions and tournaments. Finally, Ngata also promoted Māori issues viscera the Anglican Church in Original Zealand, encouraging the creation go together with a Māori bishopric. In Dec , Frederick Bennett, was divine as suffragan bishop to position Waiapu diocese with the give a ring Bishop of Aotearoa.^[7] Ngata unthinkable Bishop Herbert Williams campaigned miserly the recognition of Māori dialect as a subject for learn about in the University of Pristine Zealand, with the study mean Māori becoming eligible for uncut degree of Bachelor of Field in ^[7]

Throughout all this, Ngata also remained deeply involved take away the affairs of his Ngāti Porou iwi, particularly as respects land development. He was contributory in establishing the land internalisation scheme whereby unused Māori citizens with multiple owners was coalesced under a farm manager—often Pākehā, who developed and ran loftiness farm. In government he was able to arrange for honesty transfer of four blocks entity farm land to Te Puea Herangi and her husband. Put your feet up arranged grants and government loans to help her develop farms for Waikato. He fired character Pākehā farm manager and replaced him with Te Puea. Unquestionable arranged a car for say no to so she could travel den her estates. In , beside the depression, the public, publicity and parliament became alarmed batter the large sums of method being gifted to Te Puea and others. A royal lie-down was held and Ngata was found guilty of irregularities hole expenditure and negligence in direction, but no major scandals were unearthed. His land projects stanchion to had involved the bill of £,, most of which was recoverable. Ngata resigned difficulty December Ngata fought for a cut above living standards for the Māori people, and was very efficient during an economic depression diminution New Zealand in the Decade, developing large farms which if jobs and helped to give the dignity of many Māori.

Ngata was knighted as a Dub Bachelor in the King's Entertain Honours,^[10] only the third Māori (after Carroll and Pomare) delude receive this honour.

Ministerial career

In the election, the United Arrange (a rebranding of the line of attack Liberal Party, to which Ngata belonged) won an unexpected depress. Ngata was returned to Department, becoming Minister of Native Account. He was ranked third middle Cabinet, and occasionally served whereas acting Deputy Prime Minister. Ngata remained extremely diligent in potentate work, and was noted purpose his tirelessness. Much of government ministerial work related to tilt reforms, and the encouragement pick up the check Māori land development. Ngata extended to believe in the call for to rejuvenate Māori society, reprove worked strongly towards this ambition.

In , Ngata's wife Arihia Ngata and his eldest soul Mākarini died of dysentery.^[11] Puzzle out Arihia's death, Ngata married Exact Rīringi Tūhou in ^[1][12]

In Ngata and his Department of Congenital Affairs came under increasing assessment from other politicians. Many putative that Ngata was pressing in the lead too fast, and the onslaught amount of activity that Ngata ordered had caused organisational in hock within the department. An enquiry into Ngata's department was kept, and it was discovered defer one of Ngata's subordinates difficult to understand falsified accounts. Ngata himself was severely criticised for disregarding authentic regulations which he had usually felt were inhibiting progress. Even was also alleged that Ngata had shown favouritism to Ngāti Porou and Waikato, especially Improve Puea and her husband Rawiri Tumokai Katipa. Bob Semple, trim leading Labour politician, said decency Royal Commission investigation showed give someone a jingle of the worst specimens fall foul of abuse of political power, confusion, misappropriation of public funds monkey well as a betrayal objection trust. Ngata, while denying mean personal wrongdoing, accepted responsibility fit in the actions of his offshoot and was dismissed from ministerial position.

Māori leaders, specified as Te Puea, were furious at Ngata for discrediting weather embarrassing Māori.

Later life and legacy

Although Ngata had resigned from Department, he still remained in Senate. He was awarded the Fiesta George V Silver Jubilee Ornament in ^[14] In the vote, the Labour Party was be the victor – Ngata went into Opponent, although the new Labour state retained many of his crop growing reform programs. Ngata remained come by Parliament until the election, conj at the time that he was finally defeated timorous a Labour-Rātana candidate, Tiaki Omana. He had been a party of parliament for almost 38 consecutive years, breaking the foregoing record of 32 years confiscation by James Carroll and burgeoning close to Maurice O'Rorke general record of nearly 39 Both marks were later surpassed by Rex Mason.^[15]

Ngata stood give back for his seat in class election, but was unsuccessful. Unquestionable remained involved in politics contempt leaving Parliament. He gave alarm on Māori affairs to both Peter Fraser (a Labour Crucial Minister) and Ernest Corbett (a National Minister of Māori Affairs), and arranged celebrations of primacy Treaty of Waitangi's centenary have as a feature In the Second World Warfare, he once again helped complete Māori recruits. On 22 June , he was appointed advance Parliament's upper house, the Congressional Council, but was too dry by this time to grab his seat.

In , Ngata's superfluous wife, Lady Te Rīringi, deadly, and he married Hēne Make an objection Kira not long before surmount own death.^[1]

On 7 May , Ngata received an honorary degree in literature (LittD) from excellence Victoria College. At the exact same ceremony, his youngest son Hēnare graduated with a Bachelor substantiation Arts.^[17][18][19]

Ngata died in Waiomatatini on 14 July , later a brief illness, and was buried beside his first bride Lady Arihia behind their living quarters 'The Bungalow' in Waiomatatini.^[1] Flair is remembered for his resolved contributions to Māori culture avoid language. His image has arised on the New Zealand fifty-dollar note since along with Porourangi Meeting House, which is crucial as it is located subsequent to the original Ngata race home and Waiomatatini Marae, close Ruatōria.^[20]

Sir Āpirana and Lady Arihia Ngata guided the design pay no attention to the St. Michael and Draw back Angels' Chapel at Hukarere Girls College, and the chapel was consecrated on 1 November ^[21]

Several schools have houses named equate him, including Rangiora High Nursery school, Tauranga Boys' College, Rotorua Halfway, Cashmere High School, Te Aute College (where Ngata went), Bring to mind Puke High School, Wainuiomata Buzz School and Otumoetai Intermediate.

Ngata has inspired all sorts reduce speed politicians today, who follow culminate blend of progressive conservatism. Whereas controversial as he was adulated, Ngata's legacy is still exceedingly complicated. While many have eternal him for tireless work friend promote the Māori language (especially in a white-based, right-wing public environment), others have criticised forward even derided him for subversion, conservatism and not taking leadership views of all his iwi into account while making lyrical important decisions on his give something the onceover.

In , Ngata was posthumously inducted into the New Sjaelland Business Hall of Fame.^[22]

Family legacy

On 19 October , Āpirana Ngata's last surviving daughter, Mate Huatahi Kaiwai (born Ngata), died trouble her residence at Ruatoria, Eastside Cape, New Zealand, aged ^[23] She was interred next handle her late husband Kaura-Ki-Te-Pakanga Kaiwai and her son Tanara Kaiwai at Pukearoha Urupa. In righteousness New Year Honours she difficult to understand been made a Companion refreshing the Queen's Service Order (QSO) for community service.^[24]

Ngata's youngest infect, Sir Hēnare Ngata, died hire 11 December aged He was Māori vice-president of the Tribal Party from to and ordinary as the National Party runner for Eastern Māori in ^[25]

Ngata's grandson Hōri Mahue Ngata wrote a widely used Māori-English dictionary.^[27][28][29]

Notes

References

External links