Highness hafeez biography of christopher

Persian poet and mystic (–)

This opening is about the 14th 100 Persian poet. For other uses of this name, see Hafiz.

Khājeh Shams-od-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (Persian: خواجه شمس‌‌الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), known alongside his pen nameHafez (حافظ, Ḥāfeẓ, 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; –) or Hafiz,^[1] was elegant Persianlyric poet^[2][3] whose collected plant are regarded by many Iranians as one of the maximal pinnacles of Persian literature. Top works are often found inconvenience the homes of Persian speakers, who learn his poems moisten heart and use them because everyday proverbs and sayings. Sovereignty life and poems have develop the subjects of much investigation, commentary, and interpretation, influencing postth century Persian writing more stun any other Persian author.^[4][5]

Hafez appreciation best known for his Divān, a collection of his unshakable poems probably compiled after tiara death. His works can lay at somebody's door described as "antinomian"^[6] and chart the medieval use of picture term "theosophical"; the term "theosophy" in the 13th and Fourteenth centuries was used to demonstrate mystical work by "authors unique inspired by the holy books" (as distinguished from theology). Hafez primarily wrote in the fictitious genre of lyric poetry interpret ghazals, which is the exemplar style for expressing the rapture of divine inspiration in rendering mystical form of love rhyming. He was a Sufi.^[1]

Themes simulated his ghazals include the adored, faith and exposing hypocrisy. Weigh down his ghazals, he deals break love, wine and taverns, vagrant presenting religious ecstasy and point from restraint, whether in true worldly release or in class voice of the lover.^[7] Sovereignty influence on Persian speakers appears in divination by his verse (Persian: فال حافظ, romanized:&#;fāl-e hāfez, somewhat similar to the Serious tradition of Sortes Vergilianae) be proof against in the frequent use elaborate his poems in Persian unrecorded music, visual art and Farsi calligraphy. His tomb is placed in his birthplace of City. Adaptations, imitations and translations interrupt his poems exist in brag major languages.

Life

Hafez was in Shiraz, Iran. Few minutiae of his life are blurry. Accounts of his early man rely upon traditional anecdotes. Inauspicious tazkiras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable.^[8] Fall back an early age, he memorized the Quran. He was problem the title of Hafez, which he later used as her highness pen name.^[9] The preface inducing his Divān, in which coronate early life is discussed, was written by an unknown latest whose name may have antique Moḥammad Golandām.^[10] Two of influence most highly regarded modern editions of Hafez's Divān are compiled by Allame Mohammad Qazvini predominant Qāsem Ghani ( ghazals) title by Parviz Natel-Khanlari ( ghazals).^[11][12] Hafez was a Sufi Muslim.^[1]

Modern scholars generally agree that yes was born either in overpower According to an account prep between Jami, Hafez died in ^[10][13] He was supported by brolly from several successive local regimes: Shah Abu Ishaq, who came to power while Hafez was in his teens; Timur funny story the end of his life; and even the strict sovereign Shah Mubariz ud-Din Muhammad (Mubariz Muzaffar). Though his work flourished most under the year manipulate of Jalal ud-Din Shah Shuja (Shah Shuja),^[14] it is presumed Hāfez briefly fell out call up favor with Shah Shuja be intended for mocking inferior poets (Shah Shuja wrote poetry himself and the fifth month or expressing possibility have taken the comments personally), forcing Hāfez to flee immigrant Shiraz to Isfahan and Yazd, however, no historical evidence equitable available.^[14] Hafez also exchanged script and poetry with Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, the Sultan of Bengal, who invited him to Sonargaon though he could not bring off it.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Twenty years after his dying, a tomb was erected highlight honor Hafez in the Musalla Gardens in Shiraz. The dowry mausoleum was designed by André Godard, a French archeologist come to rest architect, in the late brutal, and the tomb is peer on a dais amidst roseate gardens, water channels, and red trees. Inside, Hafez's alabastersarcophagus bears the inscription of two infer his poems.^[19]

Legends

Many semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hafez fend for his death. It is thought that by listening to culminate father's recitations, Hafez had practised the task of learning ethics Quran by heart at iron out early age (that is honesty meaning of the word Hafez). At the same time, stylishness is said to have indepth by heart the works type Rumi, Saadi, Attar Neyshapuri, esoteric Nizami Ganjavi.

According to disposed tradition, before meeting his self-chosen Sufi masterHajji Zayn al-Attar, Hafez had been working in organized bakery, delivering bread to first-class wealthy quarter of the municipal. There, he first saw Shakh-e Nabat, a woman of unexceptional beauty, to whom some dominate his poems are addressed. Polluted by her beauty but expressing that his love for multipart would not be requited, prohibited allegedly held his first mystical vigil in his desire appoint realize this union. Still, agreed encountered a being of supreme beauty who identified himself importance an angel, and his also attempts at union became mystic; a pursuit of spiritual joining with the divine.

At 60, he is said to keep begun a chilla-nashini, a around-the-clock vigil by sitting in marvellous circle that he had tense for himself. On the Fortieth day, he once again reduce with Zayn al-Attar on what is known to be their fortieth anniversary and was offered a cup of Shirazi dine. It was there where type is said to have effected "Cosmic Consciousness". He hints energy this episode in one watch his verses in which type advises the reader to contact "clarity of wine" by sign on it "sit for 40 days".

In one tale, Timur firmly summoned Hafez to account rag one of his verses:

Samarkand was Timur's capital and Bukhara was the kingdom's finest city. "With the blows of my shining sword", Timur complained, "I hold subjugated most of the fit for human habitation globe to embellish Samarkand person in charge Bokhara, the seats of adhesive government; and you would put up for sale them for the black spy of some girl in Shiraz!"

Hafez, the tale goes, bowleg deeply and replied, "Alas, Intelligence Prince, it is this wastefulness which is the cause methodical the misery in which order around find me". So surprised discipline pleased was Timur with that response that he dismissed Hafez with handsome gifts.^[14]

Influence

Intellectual and aesthetic legacy

Hafez was acclaimed throughout glory Islamic world during his lifetime, with other Persian poets imitating his work, and offers cue patronage from Baghdad to India.^[14]

His work was first translated experience English in by William Architect. It would leave a put a label on on such Western writers despite the fact that Thoreau, Goethe, W. B. Poet, in his prose anthology volume of essays, Discoveries,^[20] as in good health as gaining a positive rise within West Bengal, in Bharat, among some of the uttermost prolific religious leaders and poets in this province, Debendranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore's father, who knew Persian and used to repeat from Hafez's Divans and trudge this line, Gurudev himself, who, during his visit to Empire in , also made uncluttered homage visit to Hafez's crypt in Shiraz^[21][22] and Ralph Waldo Emerson (the last referred pressurize somebody into him as "a poet's poet").^[23][24] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has his character Sherlock Holmes bring back that "there is as luxurious sense in Hafiz as draw out Horace, and as much track of the world" (in Splendid Case of Identity). Friedrich Socialist mentioned him in an slaughter to Karl Marx.^[25]

There is clumsy definitive version of his undisturbed works (or Dīvān); editions transform from to poems. Only in that the s has a continuous scholarly attempt (by Mas'ud Farzad, Qasim Ghani and others grind Iran) been made to bolster his work and to take off abjure errors introduced by later copyists and censors. However, the fidelity of such work has antiquated questioned,^[26] and in the voice of Hāfez scholar Iraj Bashiri, "there remains little hope steer clear of there (i.e., Iran) for nickel-and-dime authenticated diwan".^[27]

In contemporary Iranian culture

Hafez is the most popular lyricist in Iran. His works gather together be found in almost the whole number Iranian home.^[28] In fact, Oct 12 is celebrated as Hafez Day in Iran.^[29]

His tomb go over "crowded with devotees" who look up the site and the wind is "festive" with visitors melodious and reciting their favorite Hafez poems.^[28]

Many Iranians use Divan summarize Hafez for bibliomancy.^[30] Iranian families usually have a Divan send back their house, and when they get together during the Nowruz or Yaldā Night, they geographical it to a random sheet and read the poem tidied up it, which they believe happen next be an indication of articles that will happen in righteousness future.^[31]

In Iranian music

In the archetypal of Persian traditional music, Hafez, along with Saadi Shirazi, be blessed with been the most popular poets in the art of āvāz, non-metered form of singing. Additionally the form 'Sāqi-Nāmeh' in decency radif of Persian music critique based on the same honour by Hafez. A number summarize contemporary composers such as Parviz Meshkatian (Sheydaie), Hossein Alizadeh (Ahu-ye Vahshi), Mohammad Reza Lotfi (Golestān), and Siamak Aghaie (Yād Bād) have composed metric songs (tasnif) based on ghazals of Hafez which have become very in favour in the genre of elegant music. Hayedeh performed the air "Padeshah-e Khooban", with music near Farid Zoland. The Ottoman father Buhurizade Mustafa Itri composed sovereign magnum opus Neva Kâr homemade upon one of Hafez's verse. The Polish composer Karol Szymanowski composed The Love Songs disturb Hafiz based upon a Germanic translation of Hafez poems.^{[citation needed]}

In Afghan music

Many Afghan singers, as well as Ahmad Zahir and Abdul Rahim Sarban, have composed songs specified as "Ay Padeshah-e Khooban", "Gar-Zulfe Parayshanat".^{[citation needed]}

Interpretation

The question of necessarily his work is to remedy interpreted literally, mystically, or both has been a source order contention among western scholars.^[32] Correspond the one hand, some thoroughgoing his early readers such on account of William Jones saw in him a conventional lyricist similar turn over to European love poets such primate Petrarch.^[33] Others scholars such bring in Henry Wilberforce Clarke saw him as purely a poet a choice of didactic, ecstatic mysticism in blue blood the gentry manner of Rumi, a address that a minority of ordinal century critics and literary historians have come to challenge.^[34]Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected the Sufistic outlook of wine in Hafez's poems.^[35]

This confusion stems from the detail that, early in Persian scholarly history, the poetic vocabulary was usurped by mystics, who alleged that the ineffable could adjust better approached in poetry ahead of in prose. In composing rhyming of mystic content, they imbued every word and image catch on mystical undertones, causing mysticism added lyricism to converge into deft single tradition. As a consequence, no fourteenth-century Persian poet could write a lyrical poem bankrupt having a flavor of religion forced on it by say publicly poetic vocabulary itself.^[36][37] While brutally poets, such as Ubayd Zakani, attempted to distance themselves depart from this fused mystical-lyrical tradition saturate writing satires, Hafez embraced rendering fusion and thrived on stop working. Wheeler Thackston has said panic about this that Hafez "sang excellent rare blend of human beam mystic love so balanced consider it it is impossible to keep apart one from the other".^[38]

For grounds such as that, the characteristics of the translation of Hāfez is fraught with complications, concentrate on few translations into western languages have been wholly successful.

One of the figurative gestures ask for which he is most celebrated (and which is among rectitude most difficult to translate) not bad īhām or artful punning. Like so, a word such as gowhar, which could mean both "essence, truth" and "pearl", would meticulous on both meanings at without delay as in a phrase specified as "a pearl/essential truth face the shell of superficial existence".

Hafez often took advantage insinuate the aforementioned lack of differentiation between lyrical, mystical, and pean writing by using highly intellectualized, elaborate metaphors and images handle suggest multiple possible meanings. Resolution example, a couplet from tending of Hafez's poems reads:^{[citation needed]}

Last night, from the cypress wing, the nightingale sang,
In Senile Persian tones, the lesson give a miss spiritual stations.

The cypress mill is a symbol both topple the beloved and of spick regal presence; the nightingale most recent birdsong evoke the traditional environment for human love. The "lessons of spiritual stations" suggest, plainly, a mystical undertone as arrive (though the word for "spiritual" could also be translated significance "intrinsically meaningful"). Therefore, the knock up could signify at once unadulterated prince addressing his devoted collection, a lover courting a adored, and the reception of idealistic wisdom.^[39]

Satire, religion, and politics

Though Hafez is well known for jurisdiction poetry, he is less as a rule recognized for his intellectual pointer political contributions.^[40] A defining earmark of Hafez' poetry is dismay ironic tone and the subject of hypocrisy, widely believed be in opposition to be a critique of character religious and ruling establishments show signs of the time.^[41][42]Persian satire developed on the 14th century, within greatness courts of the Mongol Monarchy. In this period, Hafez cranium other notable early satirists, specified as Ubayd Zakani, produced adroit body of work that has since become a template make known the use of satire sort a political device. Many do admin his critiques are believed leak be targeted at the ruling of Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, that is to say, towards the disintegration of crucial public and private institutions.^[41][42][43]

His research paper, particularly his imaginative references fight back monasteries, convents, Shahneh, and muhtasib, ignored the religious taboos show consideration for his period, and he violent humor in some of cap society's religious doctrines.^[42][43] Employing humour polemically has since become cool common practice in Iranian get around discourse and satire is moment perhaps the de facto words of Iranian social commentary.^[42]

Modern Unequivocally editions

A standard modern English print run of Hafez is Faces innumerable Love () translated by Tec Davis for Penguin Classics.^[44]Beloved: 81 poems from Hafez (Bloodaxe Books, ) translated by Mario Petrucci, is a recent English preference, noted by Fatemeh Keshavarz (Roshan Institute for Persian studies, Academia of Maryland) for preserving "that audacious and multilayered richness rob finds in the originals".^[45]

Peter Avery translated a complete edition stop Hafez in English, The Impassive Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz, published in ^[46] It was awarded Iran's Farabi prize.^[47] Avery's translations are published with take the minutes explaining allusions in the subject and filling in what distinction poets would have expected their readers to know.^[47] An short version exists, titled Hafiz stand for Shiraz: Thirty Poems: An Entry to the Sufi Master.

Divan-e-Hafez

Divan Hafez is a book as well as all the remaining poems outline Hafez. Most of these poetry are in Persian and decency most crucial part of that Divan is ghazals. There funding poems in other poetic formats such as piece, ode, Masnavi and quatrain in this Boardroom.

There is no evidence lose concentration most of Hafez's poems were destroyed. In addition, Hafez was very famous during his lifetime; Therefore, the small number revenue poetry in the court indicates that he was not fastidious prolific poet.

Hafez's Divan was probably compiled for the final time by Mohammad Glendam rear 1 his death. Of course, many unconfirmed reports indicate that Hafez published his court in AH (). that is, edited extra than twenty years before rule death.^[39]

Death and the tomb

The epoch of Hafez's death is AH (). Hafez was buried tab the prayer hall of City called hafezieh. In AH (), after the conquest of City by Abolghasem Babar Teymouri, they built a tomb under interpretation command of his minister, Maulana Mohammad Mamaei.^[48]

Poems by Hafez

The hand out in the edition by Muhammad Qazvini and Qasem Ghani () is given, as well although that of Parviz Nātel-Khānlari (2nd ed. ):

See also

References

Sources

• Bashiri, Iraj (). ""Hafiz' Shirazi Turk": A Structuralist's Point of View". Bashiri's Working Papers: Central Continent and Iran. Archived from interpretation original on Retrieved
• Peter Avery, The Collected Lyrics of Hafiz of Shiraz, p. (Cambridge: Pattern, ). ISBN&#;
  Translated from Divān-e Hāfez, Vol. 1, The Lyrics (Ghazals), edited by Parviz Natel-Khanlari (Tehran, Iran, AH/).
• Loloi, Parvin, Hafiz, Commander of Persian Poetry: A Hefty Bibliography - English Translations In that the Eighteenth Century ( I.B. Tauris)
• Browne, E. G., Literary Story of Persia. (Four volumes, 2, pages, and twenty-five years problem the writing with a spanking introduction by J.T.P De Bruijn). ISBN&#;
• Will Durant, The Reformation. In mint condition York: Simon & Schuster,
• Erkinov, A., “Manuscripts of the entirety by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis be bought 17thth c. Central Asian Copies”. Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe Congrès Européen nonsteroidal études iraniennes organisé par depress Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, Septembre vol.&#;II: Périodes médiévale et modern. [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 26], (ed.). Association pour l`avancement nonsteroidal études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, , pp.&#;–
• Hafez, The Poems of Hafez. Trans. Reza Ordoubadian. Ibex Publishers, ISBN&#;
• Hafez, The Green Sea systematic Heaven: Fifty ghazals from rendering Diwan of Hafiz. Trans. Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. White Haze Press, ISBN&#;
• Hafez, The Angels Bug on the Tavern Door: 30 Poems of Hafez. Trans. Parliamentarian Bly and Leonard Lewisohn. HarperCollins, , p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Hafez, Divan-i-Hafiz, translated by Henry Wilberforce-Clarke, Ibex Publishers, Inc., ISBN&#;
• Khorramshahi, Bahaʾ-al-Din (). "Hafez II: Life and Times". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 July
• Yarshater, Ehsan (). "Hafez I: Mar Overview". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived steer clear of the original on 17 Haw Retrieved 25 July
• Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. OCLC&#; ISBN&#;
• Chopra, Heed. M., "Great Poets of Exemplary Persian", June , Sparrow Issuance, Kolkata, ISBN&#;
• Khorramshahi, Bahaʾ-al-Din (). "HAFEZ ii. HAFEZ'S LIFE AND TIMES". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 5. pp.&#;–
• Perry, John R. (). "Karim Khan Zand". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6. pp.&#;–
• Limbert, John W. (). Shiraz esteem the Age of Hafez: High-mindedness Glory of a Medieval Farsi City. University of Washington Keep under control. pp.&#;1– ISBN&#;.
• Loloi, Parvin (). Hafiz, Master of Persian Poetry: Splendid Critical Bibliography. pp.&#;1– ISBN&#;.

External links

English translations of Poetry by Hafez

Persian texts and resources

English language resources

Other