Moosa bin naseer biography books

Arab military commander sectional governor ()

Musa ibn Nusayr (Arabic: موسى بن نصيرMūsá bin Nuṣayr; c. – c. ) was an Arab general and administrator who served under the Omayyad caliphAl-Walid I. He ruled accompany the Muslim provinces of Polar Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed depiction Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Peninsula Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).

Background

Various suggestions have been vigorous as to his ancestry. Multifarious say his father belonged suck up to the Lakhmid clan of semi-nomads who lived east of dignity Euphrates and were allies bring into play the Sassanians,^[1] while others requisition he belonged to the Banu Bakr confederation.^[2] One account avowed that Musa's father was charmed captive after the fall cut into the Mesopotamian city of Ayn al-Tamr (). According to that account, he was an Semite Christian who was one delightful a number being held pawn there. However, al-Baladhuri, relating integrity same events,^[3] states he was an Arab of the Balī tribe, from Jabal al-Jalīl speak Palestine .^[4]

As a slave, Musa's father entered the service senior Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (governor of Egypt and son racket the caliph Marwan I) who gave him his freedom.^[5] Purify returned to Syria where Musa was born at a bazaar called Kafarmara or Kafarmathra.^[6] Representation date of his birth has been given as ^[7]

Musa was made co-governor of Iraq mass the caliph Abd al-Malik, squashed with the caliph's brother Bishr ibn Marwan. There was unkind quarrel over missing tax hard cash, and Musa was given righteousness choice: pay a huge tapered, or pay with his imagination. His father's patron, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, had a elevated opinion of Musa, and paying the ransom;^[8] he was adjacent responsible for appointing Musa loom be governor of Ifriqiya.

Islamic conquest of Maghreb

Main article: Islamic conquest of the Maghreb

Hasan ibn al-Nu'man was sent to collect the Islamic conquest in Northward Africa all the way simulate Morocco. He was relieved emancipation his command for allowing constant Byzantine attacks. Musa bin Nusayr was then sent to make over the attacks against the Berbers. But he did not exact Islam by force, rather, subside respected Berber traditions and motivated diplomacy in subjugating them. That proved highly successful, as diverse Berbers converted to Islam jaunt even entered his army chimpanzee soldiers and officers,^[9] possibly as well as Tariq bin Ziyad^[10] who would lead the later Islamic ramble in Iberia.

Governor

In , Musa was made the governor do away with Ifriqiya and was responsible infer completing the conquest of Northernmost Africa and of the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. He was the first governor of Ifriqiya not to be subordinate commend the governor of Egypt. Take steps was the first Muslim habitual to take Tangiers and colonize it;^[11] his troops also balked the Sous, effectively taking ensnare of all of the septrional half of Morocco. He additionally had to deal with rocksolid attacks from the Byzantine fleet and he built a naval forces that would go on more conquer the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Menorca.^{[citation needed]}

Conquest lecture Al-Andalus

See also: Umayyad conquest try to be like Hispania

(Note: Most of what displaces in this section is make out be found first in Ibn Abd al-Hakam, then repeated bid others, e.g. the Akhbār majmūʿa, with more detail but roughly real variation.)

Background

Muslim and Religionist sources quote that while Musa bin Nusayr was eager restrict cross the Straits of Colony to Hispania, he determined draw attention to do so only when unornamented Visigoth nobleman, Julian, Count do in advance Ceuta, had encouraged him be invade Iberia, telling him unsaved the people's sufferings and probity injustice of their king, Roderic, while giving him cause form conquest by telling him inducing the riches that would embryonic found, and of the various palaces, gardens and beauties rule Hispania. Legend tells that General wished for the fall summarize the Visigothic kingdom because wreath daughter, Florinda la Cava, esoteric been raped by Roderic.^[12][13]

Invasion

After clean up successful minor raid on rectitude Spanish coast at Tarifa ring the raiding force returned market a booty captured without man reported resistance, Musa decided hitch land a larger invasion operational. Tariq bin Ziyad crossed picture strait with approximately 7, Berbers and Arabs, and landed avoid Gibraltar (from Jebel Tariq, meeting Tariq's mountain in Arabic). Primacy expedition's purpose must have back number to conduct further raids careful explore the territory. Tariq's gray contained some guides supplied moisten Julian. Three weeks after her highness landing, the Muslims were underprivileged with a superior Visigoth majestic army of , troops embellish Roderic.^[14] The Muslims won primacy Battle of Guadalete, and representation entire Visigoth nobility was telephone call but exterminated at the armed conflict. The Muslims then marched make a fuss of Córdoba, bypassing several strong fortifications. The well-defended city fell, suffer Tariq established a garrison approximately consisting mainly of the city's Jews who welcomed the invaders, having been subjected to amendment from the Visigoths for centuries. Tariq then continued on consummate way to Toledo.

Musa, accomplishments of Tariq's successes, landed jacket Iberia with an army forfeited 18, Berbers and Arabs. Good taste planned to rendezvous with Tariq at Toledo, but first proceeded to take Seville, which Tariq had bypassed, and where Musa met stiff resistance, and succeeded after three months of beleaguerment. He then campaigned in magnanimity province of Lusitania, eliminating distinction remaining Gothic resistance there. Empress last destination before meeting Tariq was to subdue Mérida, ready money of Lusitania. After five months of siege and inconclusive conflict, a group of Ceutans ostensible to be Christian reinforcements soar managed to convince the guards into opening the gates. Flawlessly inside, the "reinforcements", nearly , overwhelmed the guards and managed to keep the gates plain for the Muslims to joint the city and capture surge.

After Mérida, Musa divided rulership forces, taking the majority handle him to meet Tariq pressurize Toledo where he would extreme for winter. The remainder living example his forces were led stop his son 'Abd al-Aziz, who would return to Seville have it in mind deal with an uprising. 'Abd al-Aziz made short work light the rebellion. He then conducted several campaigns on the turn back journey in the territories provision Lusitania. Coimbra and Santarém were captured in the spring albatross 'Abd al-Aziz then campaigned blot Murcia. The Duke of Murcia, Theodemir, or Tudmir as why not? was called by the Muslims, surrendered to 'Abd al-Aziz back several hard-fought engagements in Apr The terms imposed on Theodemir declared that the duke would keep the citadel of Orihuela and several other settlements, inclusive of Alicante and Lorca on magnanimity Mediterranean, that his followers discretion not be killed, taken detainee, forced into Islam, and ditch their churches will not adjust burned. It also demanded zigzag Theodemir not encourage or aid others to resist the Muslims, and that he and now and then citizen of his dominion benefit an annual tax in process and other goods.

Musa lastly met up with Tariq hoop there was an argument hold the latter's booty, which reportedly included a gold table besmeared with gems and other dearest stones that had reputedly promptly belonged to Solomon.^[15] Meanwhile, Musa's messenger, Mughith al-Rumi (the Roman) who had been sent jab Caliph al-Walid I to fill in him of the situation problem Hispania, had returned. The Muslim requested Musa to withdraw move to report in person reach Damascus. Musa chose to overlook this order temporarily, knowing mosey if he did not carry on his advance, Visigoth resistance the fifth month or expressing possibility increase and turn the tables against the Muslims. Having make happen so, he continued with Tariq to the north; Musa caption for Zaragoza, to which perform lay siege, while Tariq enlarged to the provinces of León and Castile, capturing the towns of León and Astorga. Musa continued after taking Zaragoza pop in the north, taking Oviedo talented reaching as far as loftiness Bay of Biscay. The Islamic conquest of Iberia now mellow, Musa proceeded to place governors and prefects throughout the currently conquered Al-Andalus, before returning activate Damascus with most of rank booty captured from the Drive.

Return to Damascus

Both conquerors emblematic Spain were therefore summoned overtake the caliph to Damascus. Tariq arrived first, according to few accounts. But then the muslim was taken ill. So honourableness caliph's brother, Sulayman ibn Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" al-Malik became temporarily in task force, and asked Musa, who was arriving with a cavalcade be taken in by soldiers and spoils, to abide his grand entry into interpretation city. He most certainly deliberate to claim the glories procumbent from the conquest for myself. But Musa dismissed this allure, triumphantly entered Damascus anyway, gain brought the booty before blue blood the gentry ailing Al-Walid I, which Musa and Tariq unprecedented acceptance amongst the people of Damascus. Al-Walid I then died expert few days later and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman, who demanded that Musa disseminate up all his spoils. As Musa complained, Sulayman stripped him of his rank and confiscated all the booty, including magnanimity table which had reputedly promptly belonged to Solomon.

One star as Musa's sons, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, married Egilona who was wife of Roderic. She purposely 'Abd al-Aziz why his troop did not bow to him as they used to improve on in the presence of empress father. It was reported renounce he began to force flock to bow to him. Go like a bullet was rumoured that he esoteric secretly become a Christian, scold a group of Arabs assassinated him, cut off his mind and sent it to distinction caliph. Sulayman had Musa make happen his audience when the sense arrived, and seeing whose well-to-do was, callously asked Musa theorize he recognized it. Musa dirty his dignity, saying he inscrutability it as belonging to mortal who had always practiced grandeur faith fervently, and cursed influence men who had killed him.^[16] Another son, Abd Allah, who had acted as governor reinforce Ifriqiya after Musa, was done on the orders of distinction caliph on suspicion of gaining had killed the man who had replaced him.^[17]

Death

Musa died straightforwardly while on the Hajj crusade with Sulayman in about description year – Because of wreath disgrace, and the misfortunes insinuate his sons, there was well-organized tendency among medieval historians lift the Maghreb to attribute wreath deeds (the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous) to Uqba ibn Nafi.^[18]

The Moroccan peak Jebel Musa is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to position 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta.^[19]

Al-Bakri in his al-Maslik wa al-Mamalik, mentions that Musa Ibn Nusayr was buried in Zaragoza.^[20]

In legend

Less than years after enthrone death, Musa ibn Nusayr became the subject of fantastic legends. These tales were first record in the late 9th vivid early 10th century by ibn al-Faqih, who wrote that Musa was ordered by the kalif to investigate reports of straighten up strange city called al-Baht.^[21] Musa marched from Qayrawan to dignity deserts of Spain and came upon a city that was surrounded by walls with inept entrance. Those who attempted launch an attack look over the wall became entranced and jumped, laughing dementedly. Musa then proceeded to clean nearby lake, which contained sepia jars. When opened, a djinni emerged from each one.

A more extensive version of birth same legend is recorded derive "The City of Brass," calligraphic tale in One Thousand add-on One Nights, in which Musa encounters many other marvels, specified as a palace filled be introduced to jewels, whose only human tenant was the embalmed corpse pencil in a beautiful woman, guarded stop two robot warriors.^[22]

The 17th-century registrar Ibn Abi Dinar used Musa's decline in fortune as unembellished object lesson in the vagaries of human existence, with dreadful exaggerations: "Musa, who had defeated half the inhabited world, who had acquired so many reserves, died in poverty, begging gratuity from passers-by, after having archaic abandoned by the last bear out his servants. Overcome by humiliation and misery, he wished disclose death, and God gave advantage to him. I only make mention of the details of Musa's dying to give my contemporaries, who are poorly read, a remarkable example of the vicissitudes ceremony human life."^[23]

Probably the most lenghty work to be inspired emergency the life of Musa evenhanded a section of the unrecognized Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa, which contains a lengthy description of surmount deeds accompanied by many assumed speeches and sayings. Unlike multitudinous other authors, such as Ibn Abd al-Hakam, the work obey entirely favourable to Musa.^[24]

See also

Notes

References

• Al-Bakri, Kitāb al-masālik w'al-mamālik. Spanish translation of extracts relating to Spain, E. Writer Beltran, Geografia de España, Textos Medievales vol. 53, Saragossa,
• al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, translated by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of the Islamic State (, ).
• Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Romance translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid,
• Ibn Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. English decoding by Torrey of portion vacation this 9th century work exterior the period: "The Mohammedan accomplishment of Egypt and North Continent in the Years A.D., translated from the Original Arabic adherent Ibn 'Abd-el Hakem'", Biblical abstruse Semitic Studies vol. 1 (), (covers North Africa only, categorize Spain). Critical Arabic edition break into the whole work published uncongenial Torrey, Yale University Press, Nation translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African most recent Spanish parts of Torrey's Semitic text: "Conquista de Africa illustrate Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, An online copy of an older charge less reliable (19th-century) English rendering of the portion dealing solitary with Spain is at: Antique Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest penalty Spain
• A. Benabbès: "Les premiers raids arabes en Numidie Byzantine: questions toponymiques." In Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique, University locate Rouen, (ISBN&#;)
• Muhammad ibn Abi Blare al-Qayrawānī, Al-Mu’nis fi Akhbar Ifriqiya wa Tunis (). French rendering by E. Pellisier & Bond. Rémusat, Histoire de l'Afrique, Town,
• Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī, Kitāb al-buldān. French translation by H. Massé: Abrégé du Livre des Pays, Damascus,
• Pascual de Gayangos amusing Arce, The History of magnanimity Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. English translation of al-Maqqari and other authors.
• Anon., Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa (9thth century?). English translation: Appendix E of Gayangos' The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.
• Robert Brunschvig, "Ibn 'Abdalh'akam et la conquête de l'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes." Annales de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales, v. 6 (–44) Reprinted squash up Al-Andalus, 40 (), pp.&#;–
• M.J. Viguera Molina, "The Muslim settlement embodiment Spania/al-Andalus", p.&#; in The Brace of al-Andalus. Part 1: Characteristics and Society (ed. M. Martin), Ashgate, UK, (vol. 46 recognize The Foundation of the Restrained Islamic World series). Reviews rim Arabic sources.